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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQS);faqs.299 "running count" -- the total of the weights of all cards that have been exposed since the cards were shuffled. "shuffle tracking" -- a system to predict which sections of the deck/shoe will be favorable to the player, based on the locations of favorable sections of the previous deck/shoe, and on studying the method used to shuffle the cards. "side count" -- a count in addition to the "main" count, usually involving a single card face, as in "ace side count". "strategy variations" -- varying from basic strategy when the count indicates that it is profitable to do so. "ten poor" -- a deck that has a lower than average density of tens and face cards. "ten rich" -- a deck that has a higher than average density of tens and face cards. "true count" -- a count that is adjusted according to the number of undealt cards, usually by dividing the running count by the number of undealt *decks* (or half-decks). "unbalanced count" -- any counting system that has a count that starts or ends on a non-zero value (see "balanced count"). Red 7 is an example of an unbalanced count. "wonging" -- improving the player's edge by placing bets only when the count is favorable for the player, and "sitting out" when the count is unfavorable. Q:B4 What are "pit critters"? A:B4 (Steve Jacobs) Casino personnel who are responsible for supervising the games and dealers are often "affectionately" referred to in rec.gamblinng as "pit critters". The various species of pit critters are described below: "floorman" -- the lowest level of pit critter, and the most likely to be encountered by players. The floorman is usually responsible for only a few tables. "pit boss" -- the next level of pit critter, responsible for several floormen and their tables. This pit critter supervises one "pit" in the casino. "shift supervisor" -- the head pit boss during a particular shift. "casino manager" -- the mother of all pit critters [and usually the owner's son. -- Blair Houghton] Q:B5 Why is there so much talk about blackjack in rec.gambling? A:B5 (Steve Jacobs) Blackjack is the most popular table game in American casinos, and the abundance of blackjack articles in rec.gambling is a reflection of this popularity. Unlike many other casino games, skillful play in blackjack allows the player to gain a slight advantage over the casino. However, there is no single form of the game that is found in all casinos, and it is often possible to find several slightly different forms of blackjack within the same casino. When playing blackjack, the "correct" strategy to use will depend on the number of card decks used and on the particular "house rules" that are in effect during play. All of these factors combine to make blackjack a very complicated topic. Q:B6 Is casino blackjack a "beatable" game. A:B6 (Matt Wilding) Background: Many books have been written that claim that BJ is beatable. Answer: Simulations performed by rec.gamblers show different amounts of potential player advantage in theory in BJ, depending on strategies, exact rules, and playing conditions. These numbers typically approach 1% (an average penny gain for every dollar bet) though in certain particular, ideal circumstances this can get somewhat higher. There is disagreement on the net about how much advantage this translates into in "real-world" casinos, but it's generally believed that players can play with a small, long-run advantage in BJ. The variance is very high in this game, however, which makes the slight advantage in BJ far from a sure thing. Q:B7 How much of an advantage can card counting give? A:B7 (Steve Jacobs) A typical card counter will have an edge of 1.5% or less, depending on the counting system used, the skill of the player, and the particular house rules that the player is fighting against. It is quite unusual to find playing conditions that allow the player to get more than a 2% edge against the house, even against single deck games. The player's edge against multi-deck games is generally less than 1%. Q:B8 Is card counting illegal? A:B8 (Steve Jacobs) No. The casinos would like you to believe that card counting is illegal, immoral, and fattening, but the fact is that card counters are simply using a greater level of skill than the typical blackjack player. The Nevada courts have ruled that blackjack players are free to use any information that is made available to them, provided that there is no collusion between a player and casino personnel. For example, if a dealer accidentally handles the cards in such a way that a player can see the dealer's hole card, the player can make use of this information without breaking the law. Q:B9 Can the casino ban card counters? A:B9 (Steve Jacobs) This depends on where you play. In Atlantic City, where games of skill are not permitted, the casinos are not allowed to ban skillful players. In Nevada, casinos are allowed to refuse service to anyone at any time for any reason. Players are routinely "barred", usually by being asked to leave or by being told that they are welcome to play any game other than blackjack. If you are barred but persist in trying to play, the casino can have you arrested for trespassing. Q:B10 What is the correct basic strategy for single deck Blackjack? A:B10 (Steve Jacobs) The following basic strategy is for single deck games without DAS (double-after-splits). +-- Player's hand | | dealer dealer | <-might bust-><-might stand-> V 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 X A <------- dealer's upcard ---+------------------------------- XX | S S S S S S S S S S never, ever, ever split 99 | P P P P P S P p s s split if (d <= 9), except 7 88 | P P P P P P p p p p always split 77 | p p P P P p h h s h split if (d <= 7), stand against 10 66 | p p p P p h h h h h split if (d <= 6) 55 | D D D D D D D D H h never split, treat like hard 10 44 | h H H DH DH H h h h h never split, double against 5, 6 33 | h h P P P p h h h h split if (d >= 4) and (d <= 7) 22 | h p P P P p h h h h split if (d >= 3) and (d <= 7) AA | P P P P P P P P P p always split ---+------------------------------- A9 | S S S S S S S S S S always stand A8 | S S S S *DS S S S s s double against a 6 A7 | S DS DS DS DS S S h h h* double 3-6, hit against 9, 10, A A6 | DH DH DH DH DH H h h h h double low, hit high A5 | h H DH DH DH h h h h h \ A4 | H H DH DH DH H h h h h \ double against 4,5,6 A3 | H H DH DH DH H H h h h / A2 | H H DH DH DH H H h h h / ---+------------------------------- 21 | S S S S S S S S S S always stand 20 | S S S S S S S S S S always stand 19 | S S S S S S S S S S always stand 18 | S S S S S S S s s s always stand 17 | s s s s s s s s s s always stand on HARD 17 or above 16 | s s s s s h h h h h \ 15 | s s s s s h h h h h \ 14 | s s s s s h h h h h > hit if dealer might stand, 13 | s s s s s h h h h h / stand if dealer might bust 12 | h h s s s h h h h h / (special case against 2, 3) 11 | D D D D D D D D D D always double 10 | D D D D D D D D h h double if (d < 10) 9 | DH DH DH DH DH H H h h h double if dealer might bust 8 | h H H DH DH H h h h h double only against 5, 6 7 | h h h H H h h h h h 6 | h h h H H h h h h h (4-2) 5 | h h h H H h h h h h (3-2) 4 | h h h H H h h h h h (this hand is really 2-2 pair) ---+------------------------------- S=stand H=hit D=double P=pair(split) DH= double if allowed, otherwise hit DS= double if allowed, otherwise stand <uppercase> = "strong" hand, favorable to player <lowercase> = "weak" hand, favorable to house (*) notes: Playing A7 against dealer's ace: hitting gains 3.63% if dealer must hit on soft 17 standing gains 0.32% if dealer must stand on soft 17 Playing A8 against dealer's 6: doubling gains 1.96% if dealer must hit on soft 17 doubling gains 0.03% if dealer must stand on soft 17 (this rule may be ignored to simplify the strategy) Q:B11 What is the correct basic strategy for Atlantic City blackjack? A:B11 (Steve Jacobs) The following basic strategy is for typical Atlantic City rules. HOUSE RULES: Cards are dealt from 6 decks. Dealer must stand on any 17. Double-down allowed on soft hands. Pairs may be split only once. Player may double-down after splitting pairs. Surrender is not allowed. Strategy Table <---might bust---> <---might stand---> <---- dealer possibility ---+---------------------------------------- 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 X A <---- dealer's up card ---+---------------------------------------- Pairs XX | S S S S S S S S S S 99 | PS PS PS PS PS S PS ps s s 88 | Ps Ps Ps Ps Ps Ph ph ph ph ph 77 | ps ps Ps Ps Ps ph h h h h 66 | ph ph ps Ps Ps h h h h h 55 | DH DH DH DH DH DH DH DH H H 44 | h H H PH PH H h h h h 33 | ph ph Ph Ph Ph ph h h h h 22 | ph ph Ph Ph PH ph h h h h AA | PH PH PH PH PDH PH PH Ph Ph Ph ---+---------------------------------------- Soft Hands AX | S S S S S S S S S S A9 | S S S S S S S S S S A8 | S S S S S S S S S S A7 | S DS DS DS DS S S h h h A6 | H DH DH DH DH H h h h h A5 | h H DH DH DH h h h h h A4 | h H DH DH DH H h h h h A3 | H H H DH DH H H h h h A2 | H H H DH DH H H h h h AA | H H H H DH H H h h h ---+---------------------------------------- Hard Hands 21 | S S S S S S S S S S 20 | S S S S S S S S S S 19 | S S S S S S S S S S 18 | S S S S S S S s s s 17 | s s s s S s s s s s 16 | s s s s s h h h h h 15 | s s s s s h h h h h 14 | s s s s s h h h h h 13 | s s s s s h h h h h 12 | h h s s s h h h h h 11 | DH DH DH DH DH DH DH DH DH H 10 | DH DH DH DH DH DH DH DH H H 9 | H DH DH DH DH H H h h h 8 | h H H H H H h h h h 7 | h h h H H h h h h h 6 | h h h h h h h h h h 5 | h h h h H h h h h h 4 | h h h h H h h h h h ---+---------------------------------------- S=stand H=hit D=double P=split Q=surrender NOTES: 1) If more than one option is listed, options to the left are preferred over options to the right. Options less favorable than STAND or HIT are not shown. 2) Use the "Hard Hands" table only when the other tables do not apply. 3) If splitting Aces is not allowed, use the "Soft Hands" table. 4) Uppercase options favor the player, lowercase options favor the house. ---+---------------------------------------- Q:B12 What is the house edge when playing basic strategy? A:B12 (Steve Jacobs) The expected gain for basic strategy play depends on the house rules and the number of decks. The following table summarizes the players expectation for a variety of games. All numbers are in units of percent of initial bet. <-- number of decks --> | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 20 | 100 | ----------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ AC | .1541 -.2228 -.3991 -.4569 -.5368 -.5638 | AC + LSR | .1761 -.1717 -.3323 -.3843 -.4552 -.4790 | AC + ESR | .7694 .3952 .2265 .1721 .0968 .0714 | ----------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ strip | .0497 -.3191 -.4904 -.5468 -.6245 -.6507 | strip + LSR | .0707 -.2685 -.4239 -.4744 -.5429 -.5659 | strip + DAS | .1809 -.1795 -.3472 -.4021 -.4779 -.5034 | strip + ESR | .6511 .2927 .1320 .0801 .0084 -.0157 | ----------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ vegas |-.1445 -.5243 -.7036 -.7625 -.8445 -.8722 | vegas + LSR |-.1095 -.4594 -.6221 -.6747 -.7469 -.7713 | vegas + DAS |-.0103 -.3813 -.5570 -.6146 -.6951 -.7223 | vegas + ESR | .5403 .1720 .0046 -.0493 -.1245 -.1500 | ----------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ reno |-.4208 -.7386 -.8928 -.9439 -1.0154 -1.0396 | reno + LSR |-.3858 -.6737 -.8113 -.8560 -.9178 -.9387 | reno + DAS |-.3121 -.6176 -.7658 -.8151 -.8840 -.9073 | reno + ESR | .2639 -.0423 -.1846 -.2307 -.2307 -.3174 | ----------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ "AC" rules: (typical of Atlantic City) dealer stands on soft 17 double down on any two cards double after splits no resplitting "strip" rules: (typical of Vegas Strip) dealer stands on soft 17 double down on any two cards (but not after splits) "vegas" rules: (typical of Vegas Downtown) dealer hits soft 17 double down on any two cards (but not after splits) "reno" rules: (typical of Reno, northern Nevada) dealer hits soft 17 double down allowed on two card total of 10 or 11 only DAS = Double After Splitting LSR = Late Surrender ESR = Early Surrender (no longer available) Q:B14 Why are single deck games better than multi-deck games? A:B14 (Michael Hall) There are some surface differences, such as single and double deck usually being hand-held, while four or more decks are dealt from a shoe, but there are fundamental mathematical differences too. Single deck blackjack is usually better than multiple deck blackjack for card counters, basic strategists, and the clueless. Additional decks make busts less likely, since one can draw to hands like 2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2 (for 18) which are improbable/impossible in single deck. Busting less often helps the dealer's hand more than yours, since the dealer is forced by the rigid rules to hit more often than you. Blackjacks are also less frequent, which is bad since you get paid 3 to 2 for those. All in all, multiple decks will cost a basic strategist nearly 0.5% in advantage, which is more than all but the very best package of favorable extra rules will give you. This was an intuitive explanation; a complete mathematically sound (albeit huge) proof can be generated by a combinatorial analysis program. Card counters face the additional problem that the count is less volatile with multiple decks and hence offers less frequent opportunities for large favorable bets. Consider the difference between an urn with 1 black and 1 white marble versus an urn with 100 black and 100 white marbles. Draw half the marbles: what is the probability that all the remaining marbles are white? In the 1 and 1 case, there is a 1 in 2 chance. In the 100 and 100 case, there is only a 1 in 100,891,344,545,564,193,334,812,497,256 chance! Q:B15 Do 'bad' players at third base have any effect on expected gain? A:B15 (Steve Jacobs) No. It is a common misconception that incorrect plays by the player at third base will "take the dealer's bust card" or "leave the dealer a good card". As long as the shuffle is sufficient to randomize the cards, improper play of other players will be just as likely to help as it is to hurt. However, bad players can cause frustration and anxiety which may increase the likelihood of making mistakes. It is best to avoid the temptation to strangle bad players. Q:B16 Where is the best place to sit at a blackjack table. A:B16 (Steve Jacobs) It depends. For basic strategy players, seat position has no significant effect on the player's expected return. For card counters who use strategy variations, it is probably best to sit at third base in order to see as many cards as possible before playing the hand. When playing against a "front loading" dealer, the best seat is whichever seat gives you the best shot at getting a glimpse of the dealer's hole card. When playing at the Rio, the best seat is the one that gives the best view of the cocktail waitresses. Q:B17 How is card counting done? A:B17 (Steve Jacobs) The card counting system described below is an unbalanced 10 count that is 100% accurate for determining when to take insurance. As a general purpose card counting system, it is relatively weak and not particularly recommended, but it illustrates many of the principles behind card counting. This is intended only to give a feel for how card counting is done, and is not recommended for actual practice, although I've used it because of its simplicity. This counting strategy is listed as "Unbalanced 10 Count" in other parts of the FAQ list. --------------------------------------------------------------- For SINGLE DECK games: 1) Start the count at -4 when the deck is shuffled. 2) Count -2 for 10, J, Q, K 3) Count +1 for everything else (including aces) 4) Bet low when the count is negative, high when the count is positive (actually, simulations show that you can bet high for a count of -2 or above). 5) Take insurance when the count is positive. 6) Play basic strategy at all times. --------------------------------------------------------------- For N deck games: 1) Start the count at (-4 * N). 2) all other rules are the same. --------------------------------------------------------------- NOTES: The unique feature of this counting method is that it is perfectly accurate for dealing with insurance. When the count is positive, the player has the advantage when taking the insurance bet. When the count is negative, the house has the advantage, so insurance should not be taken. Counting is best done by counting several cards at once. It is easy to practice this counting method in the following way: 1) Count through a deck of cards, counting one card at a time. Start at -4, and count through the entire deck. After all of the cards have been seen, the count should be ZERO. If it is not zero, a mistake has been made somewhere. Repeat counting through the deck one card at a time, until you can do it quickly without making mistakes. 2) Count through the deck, counting two cards at a time. Look for the following patterns, adding the correct amount for each pattern (X = 10, N = non-ten) NN +2 XN -1 XX -4 Again, the count should be zero after all cards have been seen. Repeat until you can do it efficiently. 3) Count through the deck, counting three cards at a time. Look for the following patterns, adding the correct amount for each pattern. (X = 10, N = non-ten) NNN +3 XNN 0 (this pattern is common) XXN -3 4) Practice against a computer blackjack game. When I play, I usually count the cards by counting an entire hand (player's or dealers) at once. If there are more than three cards in the hand, I mentally break it up into groups of 1, 2, or 3 cards (I usually look for "XNN" patterns and ignore those cards, since they add up to zero). I usually count the cards just before the dealer picks up the hand (exception: for insurance, you should count your cards and the dealer's up card immediately). --------------------------------------------------------------- Q:B18 What counting system is "best"? A:B18 (Matt Wilding) This has been answered by rec.gamblers using different approaches. The first approach is to evaluate different systems by simulation. This approach obscures the particular advantages of each system, but it's easy to see how a system will perform in one particular realistic casino playing situation, and not hard to judge the tradeoff between performance and ease of use (see Q/A B15 for more details). The second approach estimates several performance parameters of each system that collectively approximate the system's inherent potential. This allows the strengths of different BJ systems to be studied in detail, which should allow better, more precise comparison of different systems and aid efforts to improve a particular system. This approach gives results which may be used to determine which counting system is _theoretically_ most profitable, but does not address the issue of how easy it is to use the counting system under actual playing conditions (see Q/A B16 for more details). It's not yet clear how these two studies relate, and no rec.gambling consensus has emerged as to how the more sophisticated performance parameters actually translate to advantage at the tables as in the simulations. Q:B19 What counting system is easiest to use? A:B19 (Matt Wilding) Background: Lots of systems are available. There is an important tradeoff between complexity and theoretical power, as more complex systems are harder to use and more error-prone. Answer: You pick'em. A rec.gambling study was accomplished that compared different systems, and here a summary of what came out: Complexity is a subjective measure with guidelines described in the results paper. Power is the integer closest to p/0.05%, where p is the % advantage of the strategy one-on-one in a single deck, dealer hits on soft 17, no DDAS, resplitting-allowed game that's dealt down to 20 cards and using a 1-4 betting spread. 15,000,000 hands guarantee correctness to within 1 point 99% of the time. name complex power card weights reference A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 X -------------------------------------------------------------------------- BASIC 0 -5 Steve Jacobs UNBALANCED 10 2 13 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -2 Steve Jacobs SUPER-SIMPLE OPT-I 2.5 16 1 1 1 1 -1 WGBJB (1) REVERE PM 3.5 16 -1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 PBaaB RED SEVEN 3.5 19 -1 1 1 1 1 1 R:1 -1 BiB OPT1-6+6 5 18 1 1 1 1 -1 WGBJB WONG HIGH-LOW 5 19 -1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 PB ZEN 5 19 -1 1 1 2 2 2 1 -2 BiB HORSESHOE 6 14 1 2 2 3 2 2 1 -1 -3 MDB (2) REVERE APC 6 17 -2 1 2 2 2 2 1 -2 PBaaB OPT1-6+6 W/ ACE 7 23 1 1 1 1 -1 WGBJB ANDERSON 9.5 16 -2 1 1 1 2 1 1 -1 -1 TtToLV USTON APC 10 22 1 2 2 3 2 2 1 -1 -3 MDB WGBJB: "World's Greatest BlackJack Book" by Humble and Cooper PBaaB: "Playing Blackjack as a Business" by Lawrence Revere BiB: "Blackbelt in Blackjack" by Arnold Snyder PB: "Professional Blackjack" by Stanford Wong TtToLV: "Turning the Tables on Las Vegas" by Ian Anderson MDB: "Million Dollar Blackjack" by Ken Uston (1) with modifications by Matthew Wilding (2) with modifications by Paul C. Kim Q:B20 What BJ counting system is most effective? A:B20 (Michael Hall, Jeff Jennings) The playing efficiency, betting correlation, and insurance correlation is listed below for several counting systems. These numbers give an indication of the effectiveness of the counting system. When two numbers are listed, the second number results from adding an ace side count in addition to the "main" count. See answer B3 for definitions of "betting correlation", "playing efficiency", and "insurance correlation". EXPLANATION OF COUNTING SYSTEMS =========================================================================== COUNTING COUNTING VALUES "BEST" EFFICIENCY CORRELATION SYSTEMS 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 X A SOURCE PLAY+ace BET+ace INSURE -------- ---------------------------- ------ -------- -------- ------ Griffin 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 -1 0 Griffin 64-64+ .85-.95 .85 Hi-Opt I 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 -1 0 Humble 61-63 .88-.97 .85 Hi-Opt II 1 1 2 2 1 1 0 0 -2 0 Humble 67-67+ .91-.99 .91 High-Low 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 -1 -1 Wong 51-63 .97 .76-.85 Ita 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 -1 -1 -1 Sys.Res. 53-63+ .96 .69-.76 Red 7's 1 1 1 1 1 ** 0 0 -1 -1 Snyder 54-64+ .98 .78-.87 Unbal 10's 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -2 1 Roberts 61-61+ .73-.94 1.00 Uston +- 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 -1 -1 Uston 55-64+ .95 .76-.85 Uston APC 1 2 2 3 2 2 1 -1 -3 0 Uston 69-69+ .91-.99 .90 Wong Halves 1 2 2 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -2 Wong 57-67+ .99 .72-.85 Zen 1 1 2 2 2 1 0 0 -2 -1 Snyder 63-67+ .97 .85-.91 ** red 7's +1, black 7's 0 Note: Playing efficiencies have a pratical maximum of about 0.7. "Unbal 10's" is short for "Unbalanced 10 Count" Q:B21 Does penetration have any effect on basic strategy expectation? A:B21 (Steve Jacobs) Probably not. Unless the dealer is cheating, the cards will be in a random order after the shuffle. If the player is not counting cards or using other techniques to gain an advantage, it will not matter if there are several rounds or only a single round between shuffles. But, if the dealer if using preferential shuffling, this will hurt the basic strategy players as well as the card counters. Q:B22 What is the correct strategy for late surrender? A:B22 (Michael Hall) Basic strategy for late surrender in AC multi-deck games is: Surrender hard 16 (but not 8-8) vs. 9, 10, ace Surrender hard 15 vs. 10 You would be well-advised to also: Surrender 8-8 vs. 10 Surrender hard 15 vs. ace At some casinos you can surrender your first two cards. You lose half your bet in return for not having to play through the hand. With early surrender, you get back half your bet even if the dealer has blackjack, while with late surrender you lose anyway when the dealer has blackjack. Q:B23 What is the correct strategy for "multi action" blackjack? A:B23 (Steve Jacobs) Multi Action blackjack allows the player to place up to three bets simultaneously on the same blackjack hand. The player is dealt a single hand, and the three bets are played out against the same dealer upcard, but with different "drawn" cards for each bet. Many players feel nervous about hitting stiff hands against a high dealer's upcard (7 or higher), since they will lose all three bets if they bust. However, basic strategy is COMPLETELY UNCHANGED for this game, and the correct strategy is no different than if the player had only a single bet at risk. Q:B24 What is "Over/Under" Blackjack? A:B24 (Steve Jacobs) Caesar's Tahoe introduced the Over-13 and Under-13 side bets that are allowed at some blackjack tables. These bets are based on the player's total for the first two cards, when aces are counted as one. Over-13 bets win when the player's cards total 14 or higher, while under-13 bets win when the player's cards total 12 or under. Either bet will lose when the player's total is exactly 13. These bets are placed at the same time as the blackjack bet, and usually the side bet can be no larger than the bet on the blackjack hand. Over/under games are usually dealt from a six deck shoe, and the player's first two cards are always dealt face up. Although these are "sucker" bets for basic strategy players, with a house edge of 6% to 10%, special card counting strategies can be used to give the player a significant edge on these bets.